well...
-do u agree that parents/adults r suggesting that the schools r starting sex education too?
-do u agree that ur parents are not comfortable discussing such issues wif u n give distorded information instead?
or
-do u hav any misunderstanding(lack of understanding) or any doubts(confusion to clear) on such issues?
wad about dis?
-u wnt to noe mre about sexual reproduction in human beings?
if u agree to any of the above qns, U R AT DE RITE SITE!
hu r we?
well...
we r BERMUDA RAECTANGLE n we r students fr JSS currently doing project on topics regarding sexual reproduction n related topics.
we hope that the inforamtion we have here r able to clarify(clear) ur doubts n give u a clearer picture if wad's happening.
About BERMUDA RECTANGLE! [team members]
name: Lim Lay Ping
name:Jasmine Ngoh
name: Koh Eng Leng
name: Lucas Lim
school: JURONG SECONDARY SCHOOL
class: 2-1'08
interest: we share a common interest n tt's BIOLOGY cos..... BIOLOGY ROCKS!
Mini Bio
SPECIAL FEATURES!
video
mindmap
quizzes
OMG! corner
colourful wordings to capture attention
and many mre(:
Saturday, November 1, 2008
hey ppl pls post sth to this hardwork blog of ours pls!!!!!Saturday, October 11, 2008
sry guys.Tuesday, September 2, 2008
Issues on abortion(:
Topic: abortion, consequences. .
What is it? What is abortion? Does it matters? No big deal? Look at the video and our explanation and think again.
This video is strongly not advisable for students under 13 years old without the accompany of a parent and those who feel uncomfortable with something gross or scary.
ABORTION: The Silent Scream Part 1 2 3 4 5 COMPLETE VERSION Pro-life Anti-Abortion Video
èWhat is abortion?
-Abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy.
èThere are two types of abortion: spontaneous abortion and induced abortion.
-Spontaneous abortion is that it is not done intentionally while induced abortion is the
intentional removal of the foetus from the uterus.
But why do people abort baby?
àReasons for aborting the baby:
-the baby is linked to be handicapped
-the pregnancy is unplanned
-the couple is too poor to afford another child or even any child
-the mother life might be endangered if the pregnancy continues
But do you know the problem associated aborting baby?
àProblems associated with abortion:
-Infection as a result of the abortion- may spread to the oviducts and cause infertility.
.Increased risk of subsequent implantation of embryos in oviducts.
.Damage to cervix and uterus, affecting the ability to have another baby
.Feeling of guilt
From my point of view, I discourage aborting as every life is precious, if we do not ant any baby, it is essential for us to have a precaution against it.
Examples:
àfamily planning
àtemporary contraction for men (condom)
àtemporary contraction for women(birth control pills; cap & diaphragm; spermicides
and so on.)
Of course there are permanent solution such as
à sterilization for men and female sterilization.
We would encourage for nature to take its course.
sexual relation & social issues.
Sexual relations & social issues. (:
Topic: sexually transmitted diseases, mode of transmission, prevention and control.
Now, you might be wondering what’s sexual issues & social issues. In this topic, we’ll be telling you more about such issues. So sit back and relax!
From the definition of a dictionary, we have the meaning:
From there, we need to understand that some diseases actually spread through sexual intercourse. A disease spread through this way is called a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
àSTDs are caused by bacteria or viruses.
àThe bacteria or viruses carried in the bloodstream of the infected person may be
transmitted to an uninfected person through semen or through fluid in the
vagina.
àSTDs may also be transmitted through direct skin contact or when blood from
an infected person gets into the bloodstream of an uninfected person. STDs can
result in irreversible physical damage or even death.
Examples:
èGonorrhea
-caused by a bacterium called Neisseria gonorrhea.
~Treatment:
- with antibiotics, but only in the early stages.
~Symptoms:
- There will be pain when urinating.
- There will be a thick liquid coming out form the penis or vagina.
- It will damage the reproductive organs which will lead to sterility.
- May cause blindness in babies born form mothers with the disease.
è Syphilis:
Caused by a spiral-shaped bacterium called " Treponema pallidum"
~Treatment:
Could be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin but only when it is in the early stages.
~Symptoms:
-sores in mouth and reproductive organs
è AIDS
~Caused by the virus called the HIV
~it attacks the white blood cells which helps the body fights infections
~Body becomes weak and is unable to fight diseases.
~People die because of both the disease and the diseases which the body cannot fight from.
~Treatment:
currently no.
How do people get AIDS?
- Through sexual intercourse with an infected person.
- Through cuts and bites.
- By the use of contaminated injection needles.
-During the transfusion of blood contaminated with the virus.
- During pregnancy whereby mother with AIDs pass the disease to her unborn
baby. The baby may also get the virus from the infected mother’s breast milk.
What about the symptoms and signs of HIV infection?
àAfter a few moths or several years:
-tiredness
-weight loss
-fever
-serious diarrheoa.
è Social issues:
Well… let’s take a look at the social issues and people point of view.
Perhaps after reading all these, you will have your own perspective of such
issues.
Let’s link from sexual relations ok?
Sexual relations
How people get involved in sex?
· Having pills that cause one to become high and have no idea of wad he/she is doing.
· Not taking any precautions.E.g. not wearing condoms when having sexual intercourse.
· When one is drunk and have no idea what is happening around him/her.E.g.Rape.
Social issues: How do young people feel about having sex at their age?
· Some felt that the young people should know about the full consequences before they have sex because if they are not able to cope with all the responsibilities, stress and of course how they face their family, friends and most importantly themselves. These people are those who are very conscious and tend to think before they act.
· Some felt that sex is nothing at all and it feels good. They like it and they felt that sex is safe because you got wear condoms and took precautions. Also they felt that doing things that they like is no crime but instead they can do it as many times as they want. These people are those who don't really think about it carefully and believe that what they do is alright and also following the trend.
· Some felt that having sex was a wrong act but in the end they still did it. All these happen because of peer pressure, pressure from the partner itself and also curiosity. People around keep saying that sex is fun and exciting. When one heard that, she/he will be curious and would like to experience the whole feeling personally and will start to ask around or seek help form the closest friend, they might even search the net for more informations on teachings of sex or others. But under too much pressure, they might unknowingly, have sex and didn’t think of the consequences. Thus in the end will regret of what happened and it is too late to turn back the clock.
Social Issues: How do middle-aged people feel about young
people having sex?
· Some felt that young people should not have sex because the pain of having for the first time is unbearable. They felt that this will cause them to be mentally hurt as they might regret and do stupid things to avoid solving the problems like pregnancy, stress and how others talk about them. They might commit suicide or become crazy due to the stress.
· Some felt that parents did not really talk to the kids about sex issues as they felt embarrassed when it comes to talking about this topic or maybe they were afraid to face or answer the questions that the kids will ask. They always felt that kids are in the wrong if they watch pornography and if they talk about this topic, they might be interested and watch pornography behind their back and of course they tried their best to avoid talking about this topic.
· Some felt that all this sexual intercourse for young people is normal because this is the current trend and no matter what,they will have to have sex one day is just the matter of time.When they are younger,if they had sex and the female gets pregnant,they will have a lot of responsibilities to carry and also a lot to cope.Between stress and studies.When they are a little older,they will have financial problems to cope with maybe without their family's help.But no matter what,these people felt that having sex at a younger age will not be any wrong because it is also one of the things that people have to go through when still alive.
Social issues:How do parents of young people feel about young people having sex?
· Most of the parents felt that young people should not have sex at a young age because if the female party gets pregnant,the family will lose face and also could not lift their heads up to meet people because they have failed to teach their children well.Also,most of the families have to resort to abortion as they really have no choice.They cannot keep the children and even if they do, they could not raise the child for a long period of time.Thus,many families felt that young children should not have sex at a young age because they child will only be a burden to them.
Social issues:How do young people feel about them having sex?
· Many feel that it is alright because they have learnt about sexual intercourse in Biology in school and they thought they knew everything.Thus,if they take safety precautions,nothing will happen and they will always be so lucky that the condoms will always be safe to use.They felt that they should follow their first instinct and do what comes to their first and many regretted for the rest of their life.Many ahve sex because they did not want to be left out among their friends.They are afraid that if they dont have sex,their friends will feel that they are losers and cowards.Thus they had sex in order to keep up.Some felt that their parents don't really care about them and thus they wanted to have sex to attract their attention but they didnt know that this will worsen their relationship.Some felt that is is cool and exciting and thus treat it like a hobby and do it often.Many because of this thinking,contracted with disease like AIDS,Gonorrhoea and Syphilis.
So, what’s your view? Want to share it? Well… you can do so in our tagboard and
we will reply asap.
understanding the changes in you
Topic: puberty and menstruation.
Curious about what’s going on with your body? Or rather, you want to find out more about the changes in your body? Let me guess… you wanted to know why your voice gets deeper or what about this? You wanted to know why pimples appear on your face? Let’s stay tune to the “programme” alright?
What is Puberty?
à it is the stage of growth in a young person where the reproductive organs
become functional.
-girls begin at age of 10-12; boys begin at 12-14.
-start to produce sex hormones and sex cells
-experience physical and emotional changes
-development of secondary sexual characteristics
Physical changes during puberty in boys
-height increased rapidly
-shoulders become wider
-body become more muscular
-hair grows on face, chest, and armpits
-voice box enlarges and voice breaks and deepens
-penis enlarges and becomes more developed
-pubic hair grows
-Male sex organs produce male sex hormones and sperms
Physical changes during puberty in girls
-height increased rapidly
-breasts grow bigger
-hips become rounder and wider
-hair grows in armpits
-pubic hair grows
-females sex organs produce sex hormones and release mature eggs
-menstruation begins
èmenstruation
What is it?
àit is the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus via the vagina.
àAt birth, a girl has many unripe eggs in the ovaries.
à At puberty, the eggs ripen at different times. When the egg is ripe or mature, it
is released from the ovary.
à This is called ovulation and takes place about once every 28 days. The eggs are
released from each ovary in turn.
So what does this have to do with babies?
àAt the same time, the uterus becomes thicker and has more blood.
àThese are to prepare the uterus to have a baby.
àIf the egg is fertilized, it grows in the uterus.
àThe ovaries then stop releasing more eggs until the baby is born.
àIf the egg is not fertilized, it dies.
àThus, the thick lining if the uterus is not needed.
àThe egg, together with blood and the uterus lining, comes out of the vagina. àThis removal is called menstruation or’ period and lasts from 3 to 7 days.
And then…
The whole menstrual cycle starts again!
àOvulation and menstruation are part of the menstrual cycle.
àA typical cycle lasts 28 days though cycles can be shorter or longer than this- from 23 -40 days.
à The length of a menstrual cycle is the first day of 1 menstruation to the first day of the next menstruation.
à At first, periods may be irregular, but as a girl gets older, her periods become more regular.
à In a cycle, ovulation normally occurs about 14 days before menstruation.
During puberty, feelings of young people begin to change. The opposite sex becomes more interesting and attractive. Thus, there are many individual differences in physical appearance. Examples:
à “There are many pimples on my face. I feel that I do not look attractive. How long will they last?”
à “Some of the girls in my class have started to have periods but I have not. Am I normal or not”
But, whatever the questions are, we should always be positive about our appearance and feelings as they are normal at this time.
| The OMG! Corner(: |
| -many countries around the world have myths and taboos about periods. Here are a few: àI can’t wash my hair àI can’t have cold drinks àI can’t touch babies. àI can’t eat fried food. àI mustn’t let a crow fly over me. Ask your mum or grandma--- they might know some other ones! |
Topic: reproduction in human beings, fertilization, heredity, gestation.
Now, after knowing your body (reproductive system, are you now much more confident to move on? I’m sure you are. Let’s venture (explore) deeper into the topic!
What is reproduction?
è It is the process of producing new offsprings to sustain a species.
If organisms do not reproduce, they will become extinct.
-Human beings have sex cells for reproduction; reproduction involving sex cells is
called sexual reproduction.
In sexual reproduction, male and female sex cells are needed.
The human male sex cell is called a sperm.
The human female sex cell is called an ovum or an egg
èUnlike other cells, the nuclei of sex cells contain only half the number of chromosomes. There are 23 single chromosomes instead of 23 pairs (46) of chromosomes.
| Sperms | Ovum/ egg |
| -Smallest in the body | -largest cell in body |
| -able to swim with the help of a tail | -unable to move by itself. |
| -millions released at each ejaculation | -1 ripen ovum is released from ovary every 28 days. |
It is the fusion of the nucleus in a sperm with the nucleus in an egg to form a new life.
How fertilization occurs:
à Fertilization can occur during sexual intercourse.
1. The penis is inserted into the vagina during sexual intercourse.
2. Millions of sperm are released from the penis and are deposited in the vagina.
3. The sperms swim from the vagina up the uterus and into the fallopian tubes. Many sperms die before they reach these tubes.
4. If a sperm meets an egg in a fallopian tube, fertilization takes place. Only one sperm will fertilize the egg.
5. The fertilized egg begins to divide to form a small ball of cells.
6. The small ball of cells now called the embryo moves down the fallopian tube and enters the uterus.
BUT bear in mind that during fertilization:
-only one sperm will enter the egg;
-head of the sperm penetrate the egg, leaving the tail behind;
-fusion of nucleus of sperm and eggàzygote.
Therefore,
-when a sperm succeeds in penetrating the egg. Membrane of the egg will change and become impenetrable to other sperms;
-Unsuccessful sperms will die.
During fertilization,
Zygote continue to move along the fallopian tube,
Begins to divide, forms a ball of cells à embryo
It takes the embryo about 5 days to reach the uterus.
Embryo attaches itself to the spongy lining of the uterus àimplantation.
Also, during fertilization, the single chromosomes* in the sperm and the egg come together to form a full set of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
*chromosomesà genetic material passed down from our parents.
The fertilized egg is the n able to divide by cell division.
BUT sex cell has 23 single chromosomes.
Miracle of normal fertilization
How is twins form??
àwhen 2 babied develop in the uterus at the same time, they are twins.
àsometimes 2 eggs are released from the ovary at the same time and both are
fertilized. If each of these fertilized eggs develops into a baby, the 2 babies are
called non-identical twins.
àThey are not exactly the same as they came from different eggs and sperms and
so inherit slightly different characteristics from their parents.
à Non- identical twins may be both boys, both girls or one boy and one girl.
Non-identical twins develop from 2 different fertilized eggs.
àsometimes, a single fertilized egg divides into 2 identical parts and each part
develops into a baby.
àThese babies are called identical twins. They are exactly the same as they came
from the same fertilized egg.
àidentical twins must be of identical sex.
àidentical twins do not always remain identical because as children grow up,
external factors eg:, diet, exercise may affect their growth.
àthus, identical twins may develop differences in appearance and personality.
èHeredity
-In reproduction, characteristics of the parents are passed on to children. This is
called heredity.
-Example, a child’s eyes may look like the father’s. The nose may look like the mother’s.
-Half of the chromosomes comes from the father and half from the mother.
-As parents are different, the genes in there are not always the same, therefore, the children inherits characteristics from both the parents.
-Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs of chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of long strands of DNA which contain all the body’s genes.
è Gestation.
àis the period of time between conception and birth, during which the fetus
grows and develops inside its mother’s uterus.
àGestational age is the time measured from the first day of the woman’s last
menstrual to the current date. It is measured in weeks. A pregnancy of normal
gestation is approximately 40 weeks, with a normal range of 38 weeks to 42
weeks.
àInfants born before 37 weeks are considered premature. Infants born after 42
weeks are considered post-mature.
àWhen a woman is going to have a baby, she is said to be pregnant.
How the Body Works: From Conception to Birth
| Stages of fetal development. | |
| Week/ months | Development |
| Week 0 | -A sperm unites with an egg in the fallopian tube. [After the embryo reaches the uterus, it implants (attached) itself onto the wall of the uterus. This is known as implantation. Cells division continues] |
| Month 1 | -Has a tiny heartbeat. *placenta develops in the wall of the uterus. |
| Month 2 | -Eyes start to form. |
| Month 3 | -webbed fingers and toes emerge. -hair starts to grow on the head. |
| Month 4 | -begins to hear sounds -begins swallowing and kicking |
| Month 5 | -teeth start to form. |
| Month 6 | -can suck its thumb and hiccup. -grows fingers and toe nails |
| Month 7 | -can open eyes. |
| Month 8 | - |
| Month 9 | -has probably turned head down in preparation for birth. |
| Month 10 | -baby is ready to be born. |
Let’s talk about *Placenta and Amnion shall we?
*Placenta:
àsupport the life of the baby
àlinked to the baby through the umbilical cord.
àcontains many blood vessels.
àIn placenta, nutrients, wastes, and gases are exchanged between the mother’s
blood and the baby’s blood.
Amnion:
àIs clear, yellowish fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus in the uterus.
àIt is contained in the amniotic sac.
Birth
-When to baby is about to be born, the head of the baby faces down. Muscles in
the uterus push the baby down.
-The membrane around the foetus breaks and the liquid comes out.
-With the help of the mother, the muscles push the baby out of the vagina. When
the baby comes out, the umbilical cord is till attached to the baby. The doctor
cuts and ties the cord. The placenta then comes out of the vagina as it is no longer
needed. This is called afterbirth.
-At birth, the baby may have liquid in its nose and mouth. This liquid is removed
so that the baby can breathe through its own nose and mouth.
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save the blog!!!!!
comics!!!!!
mindmap
issues on abortion
sexual relation & social issues.
understanding the changes in you
know your body 2
Know your body (: Topic: structures and function...
Quiz to reflect wad u tink about sexualityFirstly,...
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past
August 2008
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October 2008
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Question and Answer Time! (: